About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could
be avoided if women had used family planning methods to Pvent high risk ____1____
Pgnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____
University.
The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal
Deaths could be Pvented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____
within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____
families to moderate size.
This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal
deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____
the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control
respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____
risk categories.
The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____
maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____
Pgnancy; Pgnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____
mother is 35 years old; Pgnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____
two years apart.
1 將had used 改為 used。
因為此句是虛擬語氣，表示與現在事實相反，故條件從句中應使用一般過去時。例如：
Many would be wise if they did not think themselves wise. 許多人原本會成為聰明人－如果他們不自以為聰明的話。
2 將publishing改為published
report和publish時邏輯動賓關系，故應使用publish的過去分詞短語來修飾report。例如：
Any discovery that we may make, however small, will remain acquired knowledge. 任何可能的發現，不管多么微不足道，都將成為知識寶庫中的一部分。
3 將theirs改為their
4 將among改為between
在兩次懷孕期間留出足夠的間隔時間，故用between。
5 將過去分詞excluded改為介詞excluding。
excluding意為“不包括…”
6 將respectably改為respectively
respectively 意為 “分別地 ”，符合句子的意思。而respectably意為 “可敬的，值得尊敬地 ”。
7將evidences改為evidence。
evidence是不可數名詞。
8將ill改為illness。
9將year改為years。
10將lesser改為less
“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that exPss an essential
attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the
family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____
has great importance for many people.
This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,
dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers
of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____
for one’s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____
portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,
even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____
support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____
of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the
United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____
is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.
When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____
they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____
a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in
the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____
a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____
way of life.
1 將no改為 not
2 將place改為land
place是可數名詞，作“地方”講，而land意為“土地，田地”是不可數名詞。例如：
Solitude is a good place to visit but a poor place to stay.
當你偶爾光顧時，獨處是一個美妙的境地，但是如果久留，它卻是一個糟糕的地方。
There is a vacant piece of land near the house; we can build there.
3 將started改為start
start應使用不定式，以和前面的find，build一致。
4 將working改為work。
work應該用第三人稱復數，和live一致。另外，family在這里作“家人”講，是復數。
5 將anyone改為everyone
這里是要用everyone指每個人，而不是要用anyone泛指。
6 將but刪除
7將before改為after
根據上下文判斷，這里要表達的是二戰之后。
8 將But改為 And
根據語意，這里要表達的是遞進關系，而不是轉折關系。例如：
When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. And that’s my religion.
當我行善事，我感到坦然；當我行惡時，我感到內疚。這就是我的人生之道。
9 將it改為they
10 在house the中間加入介詞as
regard…as 作“把……當作……”講。
We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1_____
that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including
college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2_____
with comparable education in Western Europe.
There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers?how to build
them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____
them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____
computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5_____
The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____
creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7_____
technology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8_____
new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of
knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are
really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a
faculty for the others. _____9_____
Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,
it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _____10_____
new technology, which can be enormous.
1.在which前加in，或將which改為where
在這里which引導限制性從句，修飾先行詞the society。in which 在從句中作狀語，當然也可以用關系副詞where引導定語從句，并在從句中作狀語，例如：
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
2.將as 改為than
3.將So改為But或者However或者Nevertheless。
因為這里上下文是轉折關系。
4.將about去掉
因為explain是及物動詞。
5.將you改為they
6.將like改為as
因為such as 是固定搭配。
7.將takes改為gives
give rise to表示“引起，導致”之意。
8.將differ改為 distinguish
牽著表示“有區別”。后者表示“區分，找出……的差別。
9.將others改為other
這樣the other就和上文的one構成固定搭配，表示在兩個中“一個……；另外一個……”
10.將harmful改為harmless，只有這樣才可以表達上下文的對比關系。
What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,
as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__
are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__
a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__
escape?not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4__
exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only
space?or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases
to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.
The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”?
a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___
its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may
be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__
size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__
gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__
And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__
supernova 名詞，[天]超新星
1. 將as 改為since或者because。在表示原因的連接詞中，只有as引導的原因狀語從句不能位于主句之后，只能位于句首。
2 .將adequate 改為inadequate，或者在are后加not。從邏輯上分析，因為我們擁有的科學術語“不充足”，所以才無法回答這個問題，所以用否定形式。
3. 在which 前加into。這是一個定語從句，意思是“黑洞是太空中物質可以掉進去的地方”，所以定語從句應該為“into which matter has fallen”。
4. 將but 改為 so。 上文已提到“連光都無法從黑洞中逃出”，所以我們根本無法看到黑洞。這里應該是因果關系，而不是轉折關系。
5 .將thus改為so。這句話的意思是“那只是空間?或者我們認為它只是空間”。so做 think 的賓語，thus 只能做連詞，不能做賓語。
6. 將which 改為whose。這個定語從句的意思是“它是一顆星，其密度非常大，由于自身的引力，它在不斷地收縮”。matter 屬于star，所以關系代詞應該用whose。
7 .去掉in。result為不及物動詞，意為“形成了”，而“result in sth。”意為“導致某結果”。
8. 將masses 改為mass。mass 可指“大量的物質”，而“the masses”特指“勞動群眾”，用在此處不妥。
9 .將ideas 改為idea。“idea”在表達“印象”時，為不可數名詞，不可以用復數。
10. 將no改為any。分析便知，任何在黑洞附近的東西都會被吸進去。
改錯題出現的錯誤經常包括：語法；詞匯；語篇
1. 語法包括英語的時態，語態，倒裝句，虛擬語氣，主，謂，賓在數，格，人稱上的一致。
2 .詞匯方面，短文改錯在用詞上的錯誤主要集中在以下幾個方面：
名次單復數，可數名詞和不可數名詞的差異，形容詞與副詞，連詞與介詞的誤用，同義詞的混淆等。
3. 語篇的改錯旨在測試做題者在具體語境上下文中使用語法和詞匯的能力。從邏輯的意義上看，句與句之間的關系可以分為順序，并列，時間，空間，層遞，對比，轉折，解釋，因果，過渡，推論等。最好的做法是先通讀全文，結合上下文的邏輯關系回答問題。
The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__
have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the
largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__
monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one
occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__
found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from
one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.
Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__
“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England
was designated “the King’s fish” because it automatically belonged
to the Crown.
Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__
wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and
exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__
Even though some species are protected by the regulations of
the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale
hunting is regulated, but the earth’s stock of whales is still being __7__
depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__
there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will
be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__
awe-inspiring creature that always fed man’s imagination and __10__
made the world a more exciting place
1. 將which改為that。先行詞由最高修飾時定語從句的關系代詞只能用that。
2. 在thought 后面加of，或者將thought 改為regarded。“think of A as B”，指“把A看作B”，為固定搭配。
3. 去掉he。這句話的主語是“to hunt a whale”，“to hunt a whale was high adventure”。中間的“when…”只是插入的狀語從句。
4. 在referred后加to。“refer to A as B”只“把A稱作B”，這句話的意思是“古人把鯨稱作大魚”。
5. 在felt 后加for。這句話實際的結構是“feel a sense of wonder for whales”指“對鯨懷有驚奇的感覺”，for引出對象。
6. 在exploit后加them。capture，slaughter，exploit都是及物動詞，后面必須加賓語。
7. 去掉but。前面已有“even though”，后面就不應該再用but。
8 .將since改為from。“100 years from now”指“從現在起100年后”since 只能用于完成時。
9. 在blame前加to。“be to blame for sth ”指“對某事應負責任”，為固定搭配。
10. 在always前加has。這個定語從句強調對現在的影響，很明顯應該用完成時，不能用過去式。
We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any
moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__
languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend
on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__
more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__
is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__
animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__
and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__
understand Pcisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__
language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when
language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language
is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__
Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__
of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the
necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people
have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than
some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__
takes language as its object of investigation.
1. with 改為 without。”hardy any moment passes without someone…” , 兩個否定: without 和hardly，意思是“每一時刻有人……”。
2. fast 前面加the因為fast and successful use 這個詞組后邊有一個前置詞短語 of language 修飾use，所以被修飾的詞前面加定冠詞。
3. than on ourselves 改為than things on ourselves。在這里比較的是兩件事：things around us and things on ourselves(我們周圍的事物和我們自身的東西)。第二個things不能省略，否則引起誤解。
4. differs 改為distinguishes。語言區分人與動物，differ是不及物動詞，后面不能帶賓語，只能用介詞，如：Man differs from animals in that man possesses language。
5. inquire改為acquire“習得語言”應該是acquire language，名詞短語是language acquisition。 Inquire 是“詢問”的意思。
6. we前面加上 do 副詞nor放在句首表示強調，應用倒裝句，一般現在時強調句是在主語前面加助動詞 do。
7. combination改為relationships.語言和思維的關系，不是結合；語言和思維的關系是當代語言學研究的重要領域。
8. like 改為as。根據上下文，要表達的意思是“作為語言的使用者”，不是“像語言的使用者”。
9. a 去掉 這里是否定的意思：“我們沒有多少人……”而不是“我們一些人.….”。
10. assured 改為 assumed. 這句的后半部分意思是“研究語言的必要性比我們想象的要大得多”。Assure譯為“確保”；assume譯為“假設”或者“想象”的意思。
Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as
ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1__
appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and
make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__
short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.
The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__
There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that
they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__
by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__
have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__
style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,
a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__
on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__
decrees of the designers are unPdictable and dictatorial.
Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__
waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__
1. strucked改為struck或者stricken
過去分詞形式有誤。strike的過去式是struck，過去分詞為struck或者stricken。
2. date改為dated或者outdated
3. on other hand 改為 on the other hand
4. entire改為entirely
副詞修飾形容詞different，并與different一起修飾age。
5. minority改為majority
從上下文以及常識判斷，多半男性成功地抵制了改變他們服裝款式的企圖，即多年來，男性大服裝款式跟女性服飾相比沒有多大的變化。
6. it改為them
them指代the great majority of men。
7. fewer改為few
此處沒有比較的意味。
8.去掉on
lay down為習語，表示“規定(規則，原則，法規等)”。
9. sometime改為 sometimes。
10. height改為high
形容詞作be 的表語。
Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more
eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage
for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1__
after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” __2__
These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large
families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3__
reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early
1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their __4__
Europe counterparts. __5__
Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed __6__
families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the porce rate after a __7__
postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8__
couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9__
maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest porce rate in the world,
the temporary decline in porce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10__
Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not
abandoned.
1. 將height改為high/peak。
整句話的大意為他們把男女的婚齡降了下來，使出生率達到了20世紀的高峰。
high可以用作名詞，意為“高峰”，“高水準”，“最高紀錄”。
height可以作“極點，頂點”解釋。例如：The height of cleverness is to conceal one’s cleverness。
2. 將第二個不定冠詞a 去掉。
steady decline 意為持續的下降，前面不用加冠詞。又如：years of hard work。根據語感可以判斷出來。
3. 在went后加on，或將went改為lasted。
此處是“持續”的意思，所以可以用went on 或者last來表達。
4. 將high改為higher。
此處意為美國人結婚率比以前提高了，有與戰前相比的意思，因此應用比較級。
5. 將Europe改為European。
6. 刪掉more。此處的大意為戰后離婚率也下降了，這個現象不大有人注意，但同樣也很重要。另外，more與equally相矛盾。
7. 將nevertheless改為also或者刪掉nevertheless。
此處上下文之間不是轉折關系，而是遞進關系。
8. 將that 改為those。
此處的代詞應指marriages這個復數名詞，因此應用those。此處考察代詞與先行詞一致的問題。
9. 將Since改為Although/Though/While。此處是轉折關系，不是因果關系。
10. 將in改為to。短語to the extent是固定搭配。
When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start
meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a
lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__
way they occupied the space around them?for example, when such a person
walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__
bump into other people.
However, a second person thought that this was more a question of
civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__
it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__
to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__
hasn’t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__
known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__
Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to
him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__
it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__
said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__
And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.
1.將on改為by。
“by the way”作“根據……方式”講。
2. 將unaware改為aware
根據下文中的“Such a person never bump into other people”判斷，這種人不會“目中無人”。
3. 將as改為than
“more + adj/of + n + than”是固定搭配。
4. 將it改為which
which在此引導一個非限制性定語從句，which在從句中作主語，需要注意的是，在從句中he said是插入語。
5. 將at改為in
名詞the country前要用介詞in。
6. 將hasn’t改為hadn’t
根據上下文我們可以看出這里需要使用過去完成時。
7. 將American改為Arab。根據上文，我們可以看出，這里講述的是赴“阿拉伯”傳統宴會的“美國人”的故事，而不是赴“美國”傳統宴會的“美國人”的故事。
8. 將as 改為like
介詞as意思為“作為”，like意思為“像”。
9. 將falls改為fell
這里要使用一般過去時。
10. 將第一個of刪掉。
say作為及物動詞，后面可直接跟名詞作賓語。
A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing
new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their
original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1__
going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2__
prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the
edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3__
seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4__
the scale. Deions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of
Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5__
dissimilar to deions of Mexico City today?the poor can still be numbered __6__
in millions.
The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7__
two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8__
from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9__
country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10__
-ing out again to the suburbs.
1. 在new one前加a
這里one指代上下文中的可數名詞purpose，因此該詞前要有限定詞。
2. 將filling改為filled
在這里，非謂語動詞fill與句子的who（poor immigrants）之間是邏輯動賓關系，因此要使用過去分詞來表示被動意義。
3. 去掉though
4. 將this改為what
根據句子結構，我們可以看出這里需要一個關系代詞，它既能引導主語從句，同時也可以在從句中作主語，這個關系代詞就是what。如：
What I like in a good author is not what he says，but what he whispers。
5. 將was改為were
that引導定語從句，其先行詞是deions…and the enormous contrasts,因此謂語動詞be要用復數。
6. 將dissimilar 改為 similar
這里要表示的是“共同，相似”之處。
7.將lies 改為lie
behind it lie two myths 是個倒裝句，主語為two myths，可見謂語動詞要使用復數。
8. 將that改為which
這里是一個非限制性定語從句，因此不可用that，而要用which。
9. 將it改為them
復數名詞immigrants的代詞，所以要用復數形式。
10. 將late改為later
